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Unit Discussions – Unit discussions may require you to visit a web site, read an article from a journal or read a case study, and then answer the discussion questions. You will also be required to refer to your textbook and other outside resources and cite your sources. Wikipedia is not an acceptable resource for your discussion source.

DISCUSSION TOPIC 1
Plagiarism and Feedback Control
The purpose of this Discussion topic is two-fold:
To understand how to properly paraphrase, quote and cite information you find in books or online in order to avoid plagiarism.
To understand the concept of homeostasis and how our bodies use negative and positive feedback to maintain it.
In this class you will be exposed to new concepts and new terms. When answering questions in your Homework, Quizzes or here in our Discussions, the easy way out might be to copy and paste information from a website or copy passages out of your textbook. BUT, if you review the Syllabus, you’ll see you are NOT allowed to do this. Proper use of information you find involves:

Summarizing information you find and proper citation of the reference. This means that you MUST USE YOUR OWN WORDS in your responses!!!!
Limited direct quotation of phrases using quotation marks. I will NOT accept large amounts of quoted material; you must use your own words whenever possible!
Proper citation of the reference (see the Reference Format file in the Files area)
I want you to be able to put your answers into your own words; that way I know you really understand your answer. Copying and pasting information without quotation marks is plagiarism…EVEN if you cite the source correctly. You MUST also provide complete citations for every source you use; even your book. If you have not done so already, please go to the Files and download the Reference Formats file. This has instructions about how to format your references.

Review this website before you start this assignment:

Penn State University. 2007. How to Avoid Plagiarism http://tlt.its.psu.edu/plagiarism/student-tutorial/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT
Here is Park University’s definition of plagiarism:
“Plagiarism involves the use of quotations without quotation marks, the use of quotations without indication of the source, the use of another's idea without acknowledging the source, the submission of a paper, laboratory report, project, or class assignment (any portion of such) prepared by another person, or incorrect paraphrasing.”
The following is from the Vail Tutor developed by Center for Intellectual Property at University of Maryland University College, 2005.
Overwork and underpayment do not disappear when knowledge (rather than heavy manufacturing) drives the economy. If anything, knowledge work is seen as a creative opportunity for which workers will work longer, and for less compensation. as we move into this next century, we will have to learn fast how to price our work, before mental labor becomes the high-octane fuel for a low-wage industrial revolution that may surpass the slavery systems of the past with unforeseen forms of servitude.

Correct paraphrase: Workers in “tech” or knowledge based companies are equally susceptible to being taken advantage of by the industry. It is important that those workers protect themselves in this changing economy. (Ross 57)

Incorrect paraphrase: Ross believes that knowledge work is a creative opportunity for which workers will work longer, and for less compensation.

Explain why the second example is incorrect, and is the correct paraphrase cited correctly?
The second example is incorrect as it contains direct quotations from the original text (knowledge work and creative opportunity) that do not have quotation marks. In addition, the writer did not give the page number of the source from which the work was cited from. The correct paraphrase is not cited correctly as the period should be after the in-text citation. The writer also put the word tech in quotations even when the word was not in the original work.
In order for our body to function properly in a constantly changing environment, it must be able to respond to changes. This is accomplished using feedback control mechanisms both positive and negative. Visit these sites for description and illustrations of positive and negative feedback: 
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_regulation.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Feedback Loops (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Feedback Loops
Use the information there to address the following:(this will involve paraphrasing the information you find at the sites) 

What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the process used by living organisms to help maintain a constant internal and external environment in order to survive even when there are extreme changes in their environments. Inside the bodies of organisms, many changes occur in their body temperatures, P^H, osmotic pressure among others due to physiological processes a body takes to enable survival. The changes may be extreme enough to cause cell death and as a result the homeostatic mechanisms restore the factors to an optimum range. 
Work cited
Studios, Andrew. "Biology4kids.Com: Animal Systems: System Regulation". Biology4kids.Com, 2018, http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_regulation.html. Accessed 17 Aug 2018.
Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback control as it relates to homeostasis.
A positive feedback is regulatory mechanism that leads to increased production of a physiological product that is deficient in the body or is being depleted at a fast rate to restore the its optimum level while a negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism that leads to a slowdown in production of a physiological product that is in excess or that is not being used by the body to main an optimum level.
Work cited.
Studios, Andrew. "Biology4kids.Com: Animal Systems: System Regulation". Biology4kids.Com, 2018, http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_regulation.html. Accessed 17 Aug 2018.
Next, using at least one OTHER resource (e.g., your textbook, another website): 

Describe one example (in humans) of each type of feedback; being sure to indicate how you know whether it is positive or negative. Review your fellow students' responses and try to find examples that have not already been used.
Positive Feedback- Excess Sodium Ions
When there is a high concentration of sodium ions in the cells of kidney, renin is released from the kidneys’ juxtaglomerular cells to aid the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Production of renin is stimulated by a low perfusion pressure in kidneys. Angiotensin II causes the proximal convoluted tubule to be constricted and cause an increase in blood pressure. The proximal tubule increases its permeability to sodium ions due to presence of aldosterone hormone. The excess sodium moves from the blood to form urine in the kidney. Low blood pressure in the kidney leads increased aldosterone hormone production through renin angiotensin mechanism sodium excretion. 
Negative Feedback- Low Sodium ion level.
When the cell cytoplasm has excess sodium, it reacts by slowing down renin angiotensin aldosterone action to increase the removal of sodium from the body. The reduced action leads to reduced angiotensin II production which causes aldosterone hormone to decrease in the body. The high level of potassium ions in the plasma makes the aldosterone levels to decline. The excess sodium is lost inform of sweat or urine. The main trigger aldosterone secretion is the sodium ion levels inside the cell while the concentration of sodium in plasma and interstitial fluid has little effect on sodium ion concentration regulation.
Work cited.
Rose, C. R., & Verkhratsky, A. (2016). Principles of sodium homeostasis and sodium signalling in astroglia. Glia, 64(10), 1611-1627.
NOTE: You will need to provide a proper citation for the first website, including Author, Date and Title. This might involve a little work, but all of that information is available. And you will need to cite any OTHER sources you used to find your examples of positive and negative feedback. Please use the Reference Format file (located in the Files area) to determine how to properly cite your sources. In order to avoid plagiarism, be sure to run your response through the Plagiarism Checker (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. BEFORE posting! 

DISCUSSION TOPIC 2
Anatomical Cavities and relationships
w1discussion2.bmpA cat has structures homologous to those of humans. One was dissected in an anatomy lab in order to expose   anterior and posterior portions of the body. 

Explain in what manner the anatomical directions and planes differ between humans and the cat.
There are both similar and different meaning in directional terms of human and cat. The conflicts in direction and planes are due to the fact that a human is bipedal whereas a cat is quadruped. The head of the cat is oriented in the same direction as the body but for the human the head is directed at a right angle from the rest of the body. 
Difference in directions occurs in the trunk but not the head for both the cat and human being and in planes the difference is in the head but not in the trunk. 
Directions
The superior-inferior direction in human compares to cranial or caudal in cat for the trunk but has a similar meaning in both when referring to the head. The anterior- posterior direction in a human’s trunk compares to ventral-dorsal direction in a cat.
Planes
The coronal or frontal plane in a human trunk compares to cat’s dorsal plane while in human head it correspond to a cat’s transverse plane. The transverse or axial head of a human conflict the dorsal plane of the cat’s head but it has the same meaning in both while referring to the head. 
Work cited
Chung, Beom Sun, et al. "Sectioned Images of a Cat Head to Contribute to Learning of its Sectional Anatomy." International Journal of Morphology 36.2 (2018).
"Veterinary Vs Human". Vanat.Cvm.Umn.Edu, 2018, http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/anatDirections/VetHuman.html. Accessed 16 Aug 2018.
Explain how an organ can be located within the abdominopelvic cavity but not within the peritoneal cavity.
Abdominopelvic cavity is the space between abdomen and vertebrae, pelvic floor, diaphragm and the abdominal muscles. Peritoneum is a serious membrane that encloses the abdominal organs within the abdominal muscles and that provide passage of nerves, blood vessels and lymph to the abdominal organs. The abdominal organs are contained with the peritoneal cavity which is enclosed by abdominopelvic cavity. The space within the peritoneum is called intraperitoneal cavity. Thus the abdominopelvic cavity may contain an organ outside the intraperitoneal space and is said to be retroperitoneal. An example of retroperitoneal organ is the kidney.
Work cited
Daly, Frank J., et al. "Posterior approach to kidney dissection: An old surgical approach for integrated medical curricula." Anatomical sciences education 8.6 (2015): 555-563.
Be sure to make good use of the information in your text book as well any resources you find online! Don't forget to correctly cite any source you use. In order to avoid plagiarism, be sure to run your response through the Plagiarism Checker (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. BEFORE posting! 

1. What is the significance of the two membranes which surround the lungs?  Between these membranes lies a cavity which is filled with fluid.  What is the purpose of these membranes and the fluid filled cavity? 
The two membranes that surround the lungs are referred to as pleura. The two membranes are; the visceral pleura which is located outside the lungs and the parietal pleura which extends to the diaphragm and neighbors the ribs. The two membranes lubricate the lungs as it moves against the ribs by secreting a fluid that is between them. Lubrication enables the ribs and the lungs to slide over each other during respiration.  
Work cited
Charalampidis, Charalampos, et al. "Physiology of the pleural space." Journal of thoracic disease 7.Suppl 1 (2015): S33.
2.List the four classes of organic compounds found in the body and provide a specific example and use of each.
a)	Carbohydrates
Glucose is an example of carbohydrates and is used to provide energy to loving organisms.  
b)	Lipids
The lipids are synthesized from glycerol and fatty acids and they include fats, waxes and oils. They offer insulation to organism, form structural components and store energy. 
c)	Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are of two forms of nucleic acids in living organisms. The two types are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is the principle product during protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid (RNA) which is vital in protein synthesis in making amino acids. 
d)	Proteins
Proteins are combinations of amino acids that provide structure to the body. Membrane proteins form the cellular walls and cellular structures.
Work cited
Hall, John E. Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology e-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015:7-9.
3.During physical exercise, respiration rate increases. Two students are discussing the mechanisms involved. Student A claims they are positive feedback mechanisms, and student B claims they are negative-feedback mechanisms. Which student do you agree with and why?
I hold a similar opinion with student B due to the fact that a negative feedback occurs through adjustment of the output due to an altered input. The output in this scenario is carbon dioxide being produced by the cells. When the level of carbon dioxide in plasma increases, the pH of blood plasma is lowered triggering the medulla oblongata to send impulses to respiratory muscles to increase the breathing rate. 
Work cited
Guyenet, Patrice G., and Douglas A. Bayliss. "Neural control of breathing and CO2 homeostasis." Neuron 87.5 (2015): 946-961.
4.Celery Surgery---Make sure that you have read the material for this unit before attempting this assignment Please make sure that your cuts are visible or the cuts on your diagrams. It would be to your advantage to describe where each one is.
celeryUnderstanding Anatomic Terminology is "critical" for students for use of their knowledge in Human Anatomy. The goal of this activity is to have the student use the anatomic terms to perform surgery on the stalk of celery.

After placing the celery in the supine position, the student should assume he/she is a surgeon performing the following 4 surgical procedures on the celery. 

At the UMBILICUS on the ventral surface of the celery, make a superficial MIDSAGITTAL incision and proceed inferiorly (all the way to the bottom of the stalk)
At the SUPERIOR end (near the head of the celery), on the dorsal surface, make a Deep Transverse Incision. Do not transect (completely cur through) the celery
Enter from the LATERAL surface at the level of the umbilicus and make a complete Coronal (Frontal) incision and proceed inferiorly (all the way to the bottom)
Make a COMPLETE MEDIAL NOTCH * on the inferior end all the way to the bottom of the stalk. *a notch is a triangle or wedge.
You have two options:

Do the assignment and use your digital camera to take pictures of your celery surgery for submission.
Or do the sketches on paper as directed and scan the pages to turn in.